They may pertain to structural differences (e.g. Inferences in neuroimaging may be about differences expressed when comparing one group of subjects to another or, within subjects, changes over a sequence of observations. The final three parts address biophysical models of distributed neuronal responses, closing with analyses of functional and effective connectivity.Ĭharacterizing a regionally specific effect rests on estimation and inference. These parts focus on identifying, and making inferences about, regionally specific effects in the brain. The first three parts follow the key stages of analysis: image transformations, modelling, and inference. These chapters have been organized into six parts. It provides sufficient background to understand the principles of experimental design and data analysis and serves to introduce the main themes covered by subsequent chapters. This chapter summarizes the ideas and procedures used in the analysis of brain imaging data. Friston, in Statistical Parametric Mapping, 2007 INTRODUCTION
Example macros, plug-ins and complete source code can be downloaded from the Download page.K. Image can be customized in three ways: via a built-in Pascal-like macro language, via externally compiled plug-in modules and on the Pascal source code level. Other frame grabbers are supported via plug-in modules. Acquired images can be shading corrected and frame averaged.
Image directly supports Data Translation and Scion frame grabber cards for capturing images or movie sequences using a TV camera. All editing, filtering, and measurement functions operate at any level of magnification and are undoable. It supports multiple windows and 8 levels of magnification. It can flip, rotate, invert and scale selections. A tool palette supports editing of color and gray scale images, including the ability to draw lines, rectangles and text. Results can be printed, exported to text files, or copied to the Clipboard. Density calibration can be done against radiation or optical density standards using user specified units.
Spatial calibration is supported to provide real world area and length measurements. It also performs automated particle analysis and provides tools for measuring path lengths and angles. Image can be used to measure area, mean, centroid, perimeter, etc. It supports many standard image processing functions, including contrast enhancement, density profiling, smoothing, sharpening, edge detection, median filtering, and spatial convolution with user defined kernels. It reads and writes TIFF, PICT, PICS and MacPaint files, providing compatibility with many other applications, including programs for scanning, processing, editing, publishing and analyzing images. Image can acquire, display, edit, enhance, analyze and animate images. There is also Image/J, a Java program inspired by Image that "runs anywhere".
A free PC version of Image, called Scion Image for Windows, is available from Scion Corporation. It was developed at the Research Services Branch (RSB) of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NIH Image is a public domain image processing and analysis program for the Macintosh.
It supports standard image processing functions such as contrast manipulation, sharpening, smoothing, edge detection and median filtering. It can create density histograms and line profile plots. It can calculate area and pixel value statistics of user-defined selections.
It is multithreaded, so time-consuming operations such as image file reading can be performed in parallel with other operations. It supports "stacks", a series of images that share a single window. It can read many image formats including TIFF, GIF, JPEG, BMP, DICOM, FITS and "raw". It can display, edit, analyze, process, save and print 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit images.
Downloadable distributions are available for Windows, Mac OS, Mac OS X and Linux. It runs, either as an online applet or as a downloadable application, on any computer with a Java 1.1 or later virtual machine. ImageJ is a public domain Java image processing program inspired by NIH Image for the Macintosh.